The criminal law system that public expect is not satisfied with simple typological splicing from doctrinal perspective but should regard the bribery crime system as a whole body of knowledge under the guidance of a certain principle. The legal interests of bribery crime from the point of normative protection purpose should include” the prohibition of undue advantages in duty or duty-related behavior” and “the equal opportunity of public resource distribution”, and the relationship between the two is hierarchical. The “double-layer legal interest” structure can realize the logical self-consistency and integration of the bribery crime system by revealing the inherent mechanism of offering and receiving bribes, as well as giving effective guidance on difficult and complicated types of bribery in judicial practice, such as “afterwards bribery”, “emotional investment” and the standards of accomplished and attempted bribery. However, justification of criminalization does not necessarily lead to criminal legislation, it depends on the change of the whole criminal situation and needs to be considered from a developmental perspective. Therefore, it is important to form a multi-level social governance complex.
References
[1] Mæstad, O., Mwisongo, A. (2011) Informal payments and the quality of health care: mechanisms revealed by Tanzanian health workers. Health policy, 99(2), 107-115.
[2] [2] Burai, P. (2018). ‘One Does Everything to Make Life Better.’ Petty Corruption and Its Legal Implications in Hungary. Comparative Southeast European Studies, 66(3), 349-370.
[3] Kitsios, F., Kamariotou, M. (2021). Job satisfaction behind motivation: An empirical study in public health workers. Heliyon, 7(4).
[4] Sundell, A. (2014) Understanding Informal Payments in the Public Sector: Theory and Evidence from Nineteenth‐century Sweden. Scandinavian Political Studies, 37(2), 95-122.
[5] Zakari, M. B., Button, M. (2022). Confronting the monolith: insider accounts of the nature and techniques of corruption in Nigeria. Journal of White Collar and Corporate Crime, 3(2), 100-108.
[6] Mungan, M. (2012) The scope of criminal law. Research handbook on the economics of criminal law, 51, 57.
[7] Greenwalt, A. K. (2011) The Pluralism of International Criminal Law. Indiana law journal, 86(3), 7.
[8] De Paolis, R. (2025) Corruption, sextortion, gender-based violence: Open challenges for the European Union in harmonizing substantive criminal rules. New Journal of European Criminal Law, 16(1), 3-30.
[9] Shennan, S. (2011) Property and wealth inequality as cultural niche construction. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 366(1566), 918-926.
[10] Adebisi, Y. A., Nwogu, I. B., Alaran, A. J., Badmos, A. O., Bamgboye, A. O., Rufai, B. O., Akande‐Sholabi, W. (2022) Revisiting the issue of access to medicines in Africa: challenges and recommendations. Public Health Challenges, 1(2), e9.
[11] Jansen van Rensburg, S. K. (2024) The nexus between vulnerability and criminality: experiences of foreign nationals in South Africa. Cogent Social Sciences, 10(1), 2430448.
[12] Tanekenov, A., Fitzpatrick, S., Johnsen, S. (2018) Empowerment, capabilities and homelessness: The limitations of employment-focused social enterprises in addressing complex needs. Housing, Theory and Society, 35(1), 137-155.
[13] Dawkins, C. (2021) Realizing housing justice through comprehensive housing policy reform. International Journal of Urban Sciences, 25(1), 266-281.
[14] Adama, O. (2021) Criminalizing informal workers: The case of street vendors in Abuja, Nigeria. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 56(3), 533-548.
[15] Sundell, A. (2014) Understanding Informal Payments in the Public Sector: Theory and Evidence from Nineteenth‐century Sweden. Scandinavian Political Studies, 37(2), 95-122.
[16] Aaronson, E., Shaffer, G. (2021) Defining crimes in a global age: Criminalization as a transnational legal process. Law Social Inquiry, 46(2), 455-486.
[17] Kupatadze, A. (2023) Beyond Conventional Boundaries: Examining the Intricate Interplay between Corruption and Organized Crime in the Global South. World Affairs, 186(3), 747-775.
[18] Robinson, P. H. (2021). Criminal law’s core principles. Wash. U. Jurisprudence Rev., 14, 153.
Share and Cite
Li, J. (2025) Criminalized Healthcare Informal Payment as Bribery: A Case Study of Hungary. Journal of Social Development and History, 1(2), 16-30.